penalize 常用于正式语境,如法律文本、新闻报道、学术写作和商务沟通中。在法律文本中,penalize 指依法处罚,语气严肃,如“The law penalizes tax evasion.”(法律严惩逃税。)在新闻报道中,常用来描述对违规行为的处罚,如“The company was penalized for violating safety regulations.”(该公司因违反安全规定而受罚。)在体育报道中,penalize 指判罚,如“The team was penalized for a foul.”(该队因犯规被判罚。)在学术写作中,penalize 可能指政策或制度造成的负面影响,如“The new policy penalizes low-income families.”(新政策对低收入家庭不利。)在商务场合,penalize 可能指合同中的违约处罚,语气正式。日常口语中较少使用,更常用 punish 或 fine。
语法说明
penalize 是及物动词,后接宾语,表示“处罚某人”或“使某人处于不利地位”。常见句型包括:penalize sb. for sth.(因某事处罚某人),如“He was penalized for being late.”(他因迟到受罚。)penalize sb. for doing sth.(因做某事处罚某人),如“The referee penalized the player for handling the ball.”(裁判因手球处罚该球员。)被动语态常用,如“Drivers are penalized for speeding.”(超速司机受罚。)此外,penalize 也可用于“使不利”的含义,如“The current tax system penalizes the poor.”(现行税收制度对穷人不利。)注意:penalize 不用于进行时态(如 *penalizing)表示正在进行的动作,除非强调过程,但较少见。易错点:与 penalty(名词)混淆,penalize 是动词,penalty 是名词。
penalize 属于中高语域,常用于正式书面语,口语中较少见。语气中性,但带有负面色彩,因为涉及处罚或不利。注意区分其“处罚”和“使不利”两个含义,后者不一定涉及过错,如“The new tax penalizes married couples.”(新税对已婚夫妇不利。)这里并非处罚,而是造成经济劣势。常见误用包括:将 penalize 与 penalty 混淆,如说“penalize a penalty”(错误),应为“impose a penalty”。另外,penalize 后接人,不接规则或行为,如应说“penalize speeding”(错误),正确为“penalize drivers for speeding”。避免在口语中过度使用,可用 fine、punish 替代。
常见搭配
penalize sb. for sth.
因某事处罚某人
be penalized for
因……而受罚
heavily penalize
严厉处罚
penalize unfairly
不公平地处罚
penalize the poor
使穷人处于不利地位
penalize a player
处罚一名球员
penalize a team
处罚一个团队
penalize a company
处罚一家公司
句子示例
The referee penalized the home team for a handball.
裁判因手球判罚了主队。
Employees who are late will be penalized by losing part of their bonus.
迟到的员工将被扣除部分奖金作为处罚。
The new tax law penalizes families with children.
新税法对有孩子的家庭不利。
In many sports, deliberate fouls are heavily penalized.
在许多运动中,故意犯规会受到严厉处罚。
The company was penalized for violating environmental regulations.
该公司因违反环保法规而受到处罚。
The system penalizes those who do not have internet access.