方硕英语

by and large

英 /baɪ ænd lɑːdʒ/美 /baɪ ænd lɑrdʒ/

adv. 副词

大体上;总的来说

词义解析

by and large 的核心含义是“大体上”、“总的来说”,用于概括一个整体情况或趋势,强调在多数情况下或对大多数部分而言是真实的,但允许例外。其本义源自航海术语,原指船只“逆风偏航”和“顺风航行”两种状态,合起来表示无论风向如何,船只都能航行。由此引申出“无论具体情况如何,总体上”的意思。在现代英语中,它常用于正式或半正式语境,表达一种基于整体观察的概括性判断,而非精确的统计结论。

词源解析

by and large 源于航海术语。在帆船时代,by 指“逆风偏航”(close to the wind),large 指“顺风航行”(with the wind abaft the beam)。短语字面意为“既逆风又顺风”,合起来指船只无论风向如何都能操纵。后来引申为“在各种情况下”,最终演变为“总的来说”。这一来源有助于记忆:想象一艘船无论风从哪来都能航行,因此可以概括为“总体上没问题”。

常见语境

by and large 主要用于书面语和正式口语,常见于新闻报道、学术写作、商务报告和演讲中,用来概括趋势或整体情况。在日常口语中较少使用,但偶尔出现在正式讨论或评论中。它的语气客观、中立,不带强烈感情色彩。在学术写作中,它用于总结研究发现或文献综述;在商务邮件中,用于总结市场状况或项目进展;在新闻报道中,用于概括调查结果或公众意见。相比 in general,by and large 更显正式,且带有一种“经过权衡后”的意味。

语法说明

by and large 是固定短语,用作副词,通常置于句首或句末,用逗号与主句隔开。它不修饰单个动词,而是修饰整个句子,表示对整体情况的判断。例如,“By and large, the project was successful.” 或 “The project was successful, by and large.” 它不可用于比较级或否定结构,也不可拆开使用。注意不要将其与 by and by(不久以后)混淆。

近义比较

与 by and large 近义的表达有:in general、on the whole、generally speaking、for the most part。in general 最为通用,正式度和使用频率都高;on the whole 侧重“从整体上看”,与 by and large 极为接近,但更口语化;generally speaking 强调“一般来说”,常引出普遍规律;for the most part 强调“大部分情况下”,比 by and large 更强调比例。在需要客观总结时,by and large 和 on the whole 可互换,但 by and large 更正式,适合书面语。

常见误区

by and large 属于中高语域,在正式写作中使用得体,在随意对话中可能显得过于正式。它没有褒贬色彩,是中性的。常见误用包括:将其用于精确统计或绝对事实(如“By and large, all humans die”),因为该短语暗示例外;或将其与“by and by”混淆,后者意为“不久”。另外,不要将其拆分为“by and large”之外的变体,如“by large”或“large and by”都是错误用法。

常见搭配

by and large, it is true总体而言,这是真的
by and large, the results show总体而言,结果显示
by and large, the situation is总体而言,情况是
by and large, the majority总体而言,大多数
by and large, the evidence suggests总体而言,证据表明
by and large, the project was successful总体而言,项目是成功的
by and large, the economy is stable总体而言,经济是稳定的

句子示例

By and large, the new policy has been well received by the public.总的来说,新政策受到了公众的欢迎。
The weather this summer was, by and large, sunny and warm.今年夏天的天气总体上是晴朗温暖的。
By and large, the students in this school are diligent and hardworking.大体上,这所学校的学生都很勤奋努力。
The company's performance, by and large, has improved over the past year.总的来说,公司的业绩在过去一年有所改善。
By and large, the results of the experiment were consistent with our hypothesis.总的来说,实验结果与我们的假设一致。
Most of the employees are satisfied with their jobs; by and large, the working conditions are good.大多数员工对自己的工作感到满意;总体而言,工作条件不错。